COMPANY RECORD · CLEVELAND, OH
B&B Wrecking & Excavating, Inc. — permit history in Cleveland, OH
B&B Wrecking & Excavating, Inc. appears on 243 Cleveland permit records from 2015 through 2026, most often general construction (99.6% of the record).
Permit categories
| Category | Permits | Share |
|---|---|---|
| General construction | 242 | 99.6% |
| Plumbing | 1 | 0.41% |
2 categories, as classified by the issuing authority. Small categories stay visible rather than being rounded away.
Activity by year
| Year | Permits issued |
|---|---|
| 2015 | 12 |
| 2016 | 24 |
| 2017 | 24 |
| 2018 | 11 |
| 2019 | 13 |
| 2020 | 8 |
| 2021 | 12 |
| 2022 | 25 |
| 2023 | 22 |
| 2024 | 49 |
| 2025 | 35 |
| 2026 | 8 |
Busiest year on record: 2024, with 49 permits. One project can account for several filings, so read this as filing activity rather than workload.
Where they worked
| Address in source | Most recent permit |
|---|---|
| 5805 HOUGH AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44103 | 2026-08-20 |
| 2116 E 90TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44106 | 2026-08-20 |
| 2118 E 90TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44106 | 2026-08-20 |
| 6700 CENTRAL AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | 2026-05-11 |
| 1363 E 95TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44106 | 2026-05-11 |
| 8707 DETROIT AVE 13, CLEVELAND, OH, 44102 | 2026-05-08 |
| 7113 EUCLID AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44103 | 2026-05-06 |
| 1020 LONDON RD, CLEVELAND, OH, 44110 | 2026-02-04 |
| 14400 FAIRLAWN AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44111 | 2025-12-08 |
| 1124 E 105TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44108 | 2025-11-11 |
| 1132 E 105TH, CLEVELAND, OH, 44108 | 2025-11-11 |
| 18200 LORAIN AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44111 | 2025-09-08 |
| 17840 LORAIN AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44111 | 2025-07-25 |
| 2981 INDEPENDENCE RD, CLEVELAND, OH, 44115 | 2025-06-02 |
231 distinct addresses on record; the 14 most recent are shown. Declared value on record runs from $0 to $4,500,000, median $35,600. Addresses appear as the authority published them. A permit is a filing at an address, not a completed job there.
Permits on record
243 permits; open the 50 most recent
| Permit | Issued | Category | Address in source | Scope as filed | Declared value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCB26-033787 | 2026-08-20 | General construction | 5805 HOUGH AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44103 | RAZE 1 STORY MASONRY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTI | $58,230 |
| BRB26-035485 | 2026-08-20 | General construction | 2116 E 90TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44106 | RAZE 2 STORY FRAME 1 DU REMOVE ALL DEBRIS FROM SITE. FILL EXCAVATION TO GRADE. CONTROL DUST PER 277.07 SEED LOT. REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS. DISCONTINUE AND CAP UTILITY CONNECTIONS | $36,640 |
| BRB26-035486 | 2026-08-20 | General construction | 2118 E 90TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44106 | RAZE 2 STORY FRAME 1 DU REMOVE ALL DEBRIS FROM SITE. FILL EXCAVATION TO GRADE. CONTROL DUST PER 277.07 SEED LOT. REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS. DISCONTINUE AND CAP UTILITY CONNECTIONS | $36,640 |
| BCB26-018163 | 2026-05-11 | General construction | 6700 CENTRAL AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE THREE STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CH 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WPC, CONTROL DUST PER ORD 277.02, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND CAP ALL UTILITY CONNEC | $437,840 |
| BRB26-018177 | 2026-05-11 | General construction | 1363 E 95TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44106 | RAZE 2 STORY FRAME 1 DU. REMOVE ALL DEBRIS FROM SITE. FILL EXCAVATION TO GRADE. CONTROL DUST PER 277.07 SEED LOT. REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS. DISCONTINUE AND CAP UTILITY CONNECTIONS | $30,530 |
| BCB26-016985 | 2026-05-08 | General construction | 8707 DETROIT AVE 13, CLEVELAND, OH, 44102 | City of Cleveland emergency demolition, UNITS 13,14,15,16: RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUS | $132,000 |
| BCB26-015454 | 2026-05-06 | General construction | 7113 EUCLID AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44103 | RAZE TWO-STORY MASONRY AND WOOD FRAMED STRUCTURE PER APPROVED PLANS AND CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277 | $314,800 |
| BCB26-003502 | 2026-02-04 | General construction | 1020 LONDON RD, CLEVELAND, OH, 44110 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DUST PER ORD.277.07. REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS. DISCONTINUE AND CAP ALL UT | $597,740 |
| B25039625 | 2025-12-08 | General construction | 14400 FAIRLAWN AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44111 | RAZE 2 STORY FRAME 1 DU REMOVE ALL DEBRIS FROM SITE. FILL EXCAVATION TO GRADE. CONTROL DUST PER 277.07. SEED LOT AND REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION. DISCONTINUE AND CAP UTILITY CONNECTIONS. | $22,000 |
| B25036820 | 2025-11-11 | General construction | 1132 E 105TH, CLEVELAND, OH, 44108 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $85,000 |
| B25036822 | 2025-11-11 | General construction | 1124 E 105TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44108 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $300,000 |
| B25020318 | 2025-09-08 | General construction | 18200 LORAIN AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44111 | RAZE 1 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115 AND APPROVED PLANS, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS | $228,250 |
| B25023503 | 2025-07-25 | General construction | 17840 LORAIN AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44111 | RAZE 1 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $28,468 |
| B25017022 | 2025-06-02 | General construction | 2981 INDEPENDENCE RD, CLEVELAND, OH, 44115 | RAZE 1 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $30,000 |
| B25013683 | 2025-05-02 | General construction | 2050 W 3RD ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44113 | RAZE 1 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $10,000 |
| B25009793 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2490 BALDWIN RD 207, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009778 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2495 WOODHILL RD 123, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009782 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2463 WOODHILL RD A, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009791 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 10606 MOUNT CARMEL RD A, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009777 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2505 WOODHILL RD 115, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009780 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2489 WOODHILL RD 131, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009794 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2474 BALDWIN RD 215, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009787 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2507 WOODHILL RD, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009789 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2479 WOODHILL RD 179, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009781 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2477 WOODHILL RD 139, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009790 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 10520 MOUNT CARMEL RD 187, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009784 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 10516 MOUNT CARMEL RD 155, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009792 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2502 BALDWIN RD 199, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009788 | 2025-04-07 | General construction | 2491 WOODHILL RD 171, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25008805 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2581 WOODHILL RD 1, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25008806 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2545 BALDWIN RD, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 4 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25008808 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 10521 WOODLAND AVE 41, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25008810 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 10601 WOODLAND AVE 45, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009083 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2541 WOODHILL RD 57, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 3 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009088 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2535 WOODHILL RD 90, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 3 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009087 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2529 WOODHILL RD A, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25008807 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2543 BALDWIN RD, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009084 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2513 WOODHILL RD 82-8, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009085 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2516 BALDWIN RD 109, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25009086 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 2532 BALDWIN RD 105, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25008811 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 10511 WOODLAND AVE 7, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25008809 | 2025-03-26 | General construction | 10515 WOODLAND AVE, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD. 277.07, REMOVE ALL FOUNDATIONS, DISCONTINUE AND C | $35,300 |
| B25001005 | 2025-01-16 | General construction | 2609 W 18TH ST, CLEVELAND, OH, 44113 | RAZE 1 STORY FRAME 1 DU REMOVE ALL DEBRIS FROM SITE. FILL EXCAVATION TO GRADE. CONTROL DUST PER 277.07. SEED LOT AND REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION. DISCONTINUE AND CAP UTILITY CONNECTIONS | $18,840 |
| B24022061 | 2024-12-19 | General construction | 10804 MT CARMEL RD 51, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD 277.07 REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION, DISCONTINUE AND CAP | $44,000 |
| B24022044 | 2024-12-19 | General construction | 10701 WOODLAND AVE A, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD 277.07 REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION, DISCONTINUE AND CAP | $44,000 |
| B24022055 | 2024-12-19 | General construction | 10814 MOUNT CARMEL RD, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD 277.07 REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION, DISCONTINUE AND CAP | $44,000 |
| B24022063 | 2024-12-19 | General construction | 10722 MT CARMEL RD 51, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD 277.07 REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION, DISCONTINUE AND CAP | $44,000 |
| B24022057 | 2024-12-19 | General construction | 10812 MT CARMEL RD 51, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD 277.07 REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION, DISCONTINUE AND CAP | $44,000 |
| B24022052 | 2024-12-19 | General construction | 2458 MORRIS BLACK PL, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD 277.07 REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION, DISCONTINUE AND CAP | $44,000 |
| B24022051 | 2024-12-19 | General construction | 2457 MORRIS BLACK PL, CLEVELAND, OH, 44104 | RAZE 2 STORY STRUCTURE PER CLEVELAND BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 3115, BULKHEAD SEWERS PER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, CONTROL DUST PER ORD 277.07 REMOVE ALL FOUNDATION, DISCONTINUE AND CAP | $44,000 |
Fields appear as the issuing authority published them, including spelling and blanks. Scope text is the applicant's description of intended work, not an inspection finding.
Source and limits
Public Cleveland permit records through 2026, counted by distinct permit number. This is a historical filing record: it cannot show current backlog, pricing, crew availability, licensing or insurance, and a quiet period may only mean work was filed elsewhere. Confirm anything commercial with the company and with the issuing authority before acting. How we build these records, and what we withhold →